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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people with ADHD are prescribed medication. It can ease symptoms but it also can cause adverse effects. Consult your physician when you experience any side effects. The most commonly prescribed medication prescribed by healthcare providers for ADHD is stimulants. These medications boost the levels of brain chemicals referred to as neurotransmitters, that regulate attention and behavior. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate is a stimulant of first choice used to treat ADHD in children and adults. It increases activity in certain parts of the brain that assist control attention and behaviour. Methylphenidate is also sometimes used to treat other conditions like the disorder known as narcolepsy. It may help people with Narcolepsy to stay awake throughout the day and increase their ability to focus and pay attention. This medication has a very high potential for abuse and is classified as a Schedule II drug in the US Drug Enforcement Agency. Following the exact dosage recommended can decrease the chance for abuse and also other side effects. Methylphenidate can trigger psychotic symptoms in certain people. It can also cause worse behavior and tics in some patients suffering from Tourette syndrome or bipolar disorder. Patients with these conditions should consult their doctor before starting this medication. It's important to tell your doctor if you suffer from any other health issues or are allergic to any food or dyes (such as tartrazine, a yellow color found in some processed foods as well as some medicines and Adhansia XR). Methylphenidate is a drug that can interact with other drugs, including opioid medicines such as antidepressants, antidepressants, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, such as isocarboxazid (Marplan), linezolid (Zyvox) Methylene blue, Phenelzine (Nardil), rasagiline (Azilect), selegiline (Eldepryl, Emsam, Zelapar) or tranylcypromine (Parnate). Avoid alcohol or other stimulants when taking methylphenidate. These can have a dangerous effect on your blood pressure and heart rate. The tablets with immediate release methylphenidate (Ritalin) and the long-acting chewable tablet and the long-acting oral disintegrating capsule (Quillichew ER and Cotempla XR-ODT) contain phenylalanine. It can be dangerous if you suffer from a genetic disorder known as phenylketonuria (PKU). Bupropion Bupropion is an antidepressant drug that works within the brain to improve mood and reduce symptoms of ADHD. It is also used to treat depression and seasonal depression (SAD) which is a condition that occurs in the winter months of fall and winter. It is also used to aid smokers in quitting by reducing the craving for nicotine and withdrawal effects. Bupropion has been proven to improve ADHD symptoms in adults in a variety of studies. The fixed-effect RR of the pooled study for week-6 improvement (using an improvement that is clinically significant of 30 percent or more on the CGI scale) is 1.14 (95 percent CI 0.95 to 1.37) and, for overall response, the proportion of improved subjects was 52 percent in the bupropion group compared with 37% in the placebo group. Bupropion could cause dangerous and even life-threatening interactions if taken in conjunction together with other drugs. These include sedatives and antidepressants and blood pressure medications. It may also increase the risk of having seizures in those who have seizures or high blood pressure. It is also contraindicated for people suffering from certain medical conditions and should not be taken by women who are breastfeeding or pregnant. Bupropion can be found in the brand-name medications Wellbutrin SR, Wellbutrin XL, Zyban, Budeprion SR, Aplenzin, and Forfivo XL. It is also available as generic drug. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic Antidepressants, or TCAs are a class of drugs that work by affecting brain chemicals. They were among the first antidepressants to be developed. Although they aren't considered a first-line treatment for depression anymore, they may still be effective for some individuals. They work by preventing the reuptake of dopamine and serotonin, increasing their levels of availability in neurons. They can also be employed to treat a range of other disorders such as enuresis, pain syndromes like fibromyalgia and the phantom-limb syndrome. TCAs are effective in treating ADHD symptoms, whether they are prescribed on their own or in combination with stimulants. They can improve core symptoms and reduce anxiety, depression and impulsiveness. Additionally, they can aid in managing the tics, which are repetitive and uncontrollable sounds or movements, such as throat clearing or blinking. TCAs may cause adverse reactions, including dry mouth and sedation, and increase the risk of heart problems. These drugs can interfere with other medications such as anticholinergics and should not be used by women who are pregnant. They are also known to be teratogenic for animals and can cross the placenta. If you have any concerns discuss it with your doctor, as there are newer antidepressants with a safer side-effects profile. Selective serotonin Reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) The SSRIs are a class of drugs that block serotonin reuptake by neurons and increase the amount of serotonin available to signal. They also reduce anxiety and decrease impulsive behavior. They are utilized as an adhd medication because they improve symptoms in certain individuals and are effective alongside other medications. SSRIs include fluoxetine, sertraline paroxetine and citalopram. They have linear pharmacokinetics and have a very low clearance from the human body. However they are extensively processed by CYP450 enzymes inside the liver. This results in blood concentrations that fluctuate. adhd adults medication can also be prescribed to treat other disorders like posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder and the bulimia nervosa. The SSRIs fluoxetine and escitalopram and sertraline can help reduce PTSD fundamental symptoms. However, they don't seem to be effective for other PTSD symptoms. The SSRIs may cause a rare side effect of sexual dysfunction. If you're considering taking one of these medications, it is important to talk with your doctor. It is normal for people to have to test several different kinds of ADHD medications before they find the one that is most effective for them. The development and research of new medications is ongoing. It is important to inform all medications you take to your healthcare provider. Selective norepinephrine Reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). When stimulant drugs don't work for adults suffering from ADHD, doctors often prescribe an antidepressant called a selective norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). These drugs increase levels of norepinephrine as well as serotonin, two brain chemicals. They also improve mood and reduce depression and anxiety. SNRIs have similar side effects to TCAs however, they are more secure. They are used to treat a variety of conditions, including anxiety disorders and chronic pain, such as fibromyalgia or nerve pain. Sometimes they are used to treat depression, too. Examples of SNRIs are duloxetine (Cymbalta) and Venlafaxine (Effexor). These medications inhibit the reabsorption process of norepinephrine within the brain which is a normal process after neurotransmission. This causes a greater than normal phasic release of norepinephrine. The increase in norepinephrine helps improve concentration and mood. Although SNRIs haven't been approved by the FDA to treat ADHD However, some doctors are using as an alternative to stimulants. They are most often taken orally in the form of pills, but they can also be used in the form of patches or liquids. In April 2021, the FDA approved an oral SNRI known as viloxazine (Qelbree) to treat ADHD in adolescents and children. It is not the potential to be abused, so it is not classified as a controlled substance. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants that alter the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine within the brain. They are used to treat anxiety and depression disorders, but can also aid in controlling symptoms of ADHD. SNRI drugs like duloxetine and venlafaxine have been demonstrated in several studies to significantly reduce scores on a variety of ADHD tests. However, SNRIs can increase a person's blood pressure, and can interact with certain drugs. Therefore, it is essential to consult a physician before taking these drugs. Moreover, inappropriately discarded medication could cause harm to animals and people and animals, which is why it is crucial to follow proper disposal instructions. SSRIs and SNRIs are not approved by the FDA to treat ADHD however, doctors are able to prescribe them off-label. They are safe, effective, and have fewer adverse effects than stimulants. Talk to your doctor regarding your child's health issues and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these drugs. SNRIs can increase the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine however, they are not appropriate for all. For example pregnant women or breastfeeding should not use SNRIs as they could be absorbed into breast milk. Also, they should not be used by those with high blood pressure, liver issues, or other cardiovascular conditions. Selective dopamine Reuptake inhibitors (DARPIs) Many people suffering from ADHD discover that medication can help increase their focus and concentration. Some individuals may also notice a decrease in impulsive behavior. The medication is typically combined with behavior therapy and skills training, which aid people to learn to control their symptoms. Finding the appropriate medication for each person requires time. During this process, doctors monitor physical reactions to determine the right balance of benefits and adverse effects. Stimulant drugs, such as methylphenidate, boost the activity of specific brain chemicals that regulate memory and attention. They are generally safe and effective for most people, however, they may cause serious side effects, including decreased appetite and trouble sleeping. These side effects usually subside within a few days as your body gets used to the medication. Adults and children alike can take non-stimulant medications. They take longer to begin working, but they can increase concentration and control of impulses. They can include alpha-2 adrenergic receptors (atomoxetine viloxazine, atomoxetine) and guanfacine hydrochloride. Antidepressants can also be effective in treating ADHD. They can boost norepinephrine levels which is a neurotransmitter found in the brain that assists with mood swings and depression. Bupropion, an antidepressant, has been prescribed to treat ADHD. It was initially prescribed “off-label” for ADHD but the drug companies eventually developed extended-release versions and the FDA approved the drug as a treatment for this condition.