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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people with ADHD take medication to treat the condition. It can help alleviate symptoms, but it can also trigger adverse effects. If you experience any adverse reactions, consult your GP about them. Stimulants are the most commonly prescribed type of prescription medication healthcare providers prescribe for ADHD. These medicines increase levels of brain chemicals called neurotransmitters that control attention and behavior. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate is a stimulant that is the first choice to treat ADHD in adults and children is the most frequently prescribed medication. It works by enhancing the activity of brain regions that control attention and behavior. Methylphenidate may also be used to treat other conditions such as narcolepsy. It can aid people suffering from the condition to stay alert and improve their ability to focus and pay attention. This medication has a high abuse potential and is classified as a Schedule II drug in the US Drug Enforcement Agency. This medication can be taken exactly as prescribed to decrease the risk of abuse and adverse negative effects. Methylphenidate may cause psychotic symptoms in some people. It can also cause worse behavior and tics for some patients suffering from Tourette syndrome or bipolar disorder. Patients with these conditions should inform their doctor prior to starting this medication. Consult your physician if there are any other health concerns or if you're allergic to any food or dyes. (For example, tartrazine is a yellow color that is found in processed food items as well as in some medications. If adhd adults medication taking Adhansia XR, you should consult your doctor.). Methylphenidate may interact with certain medications, including opioids, antidepressants, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors such as isocarboxazid (Marplan) Linezolid (Zyvox) and methylene blue, Phenelzine (Nardil), rasagiline (Azilect), selegiline (Eldepryl, Emsam, Zelapar), or tranylcypromine (Parnate). Avoid drinking alcohol and other stimulants while taking methylphenidate. These drugs can have a harmful impact on your blood pressure or heart rate. The immediate-release methylphenidate tablets (Ritalin) and the chewable tablet with long-acting function and long-acting orally disintegrating capsule (Quillichew ER and Cotempla XR-ODT) contain phenylalanine, which can be dangerous if you suffer from a genetic condition called phenylketonuria (PKU). Bupropion Bupropion is an antidepressant drug that works within the brain to improve mood and reduce symptoms of ADHD. It can also be used to treat depression and seasonal affective disorder (SAD), a type of depression that manifests in autumn-winter. It can also aid smokers in quitting by decreasing nicotine cravings and withdrawal effects. Several studies of adults have shown that bupropion helps improve ADHD symptoms when compared to placebo. The fixed effect RR pooled for improvements in week 6 (using an increase in clinical significance of 30% or greater on the CGI) is 1.14 (95%CI 0.95-1.37). For the overall response, this equates to 52% of the bupropion group and 37% of the placebo group. Bupropion can cause dangerous and even life-threatening interactions if taken in conjunction in conjunction with other medications. These include antidepressants and sedatives as well as some blood pressure medications. It may also increase the risk of having seizures in those who have an history of seizures or high blood pressure. It is not recommended in certain medical conditions and women who are nursing or pregnant are not advised to take it. Bupropion is available as the brand name medications Wellbutrin SR, Wellbutrin XL, Zyban, Budeprion SR, Aplenzin, and Forfivo XL. It is also available in generic form. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic Antidepressants (or TCAs are a type of medications that work by affecting brain chemical. They were among the first antidepressants developed. While they aren't used as a first line treatment for depression anymore, they may still be effective for certain people. They block the reuptake of dopamine and serotonin, increasing their levels of availability in neurons. They can also be used to treat a variety of other diseases, such as pain syndromes, enuresis like fibromyalgia, as well as the phantom-limb syndrome. TCAs can be effective in treating ADHD symptoms, whether they are administered on their own or with stimulants. They can help improve the core ADHD symptoms and reduce anxiety, depression, and impulsiveness. Additionally, they can help manage disorders like tics, which are repeated uncontrollable movements or sounds like clearing the throat or blinking. TCAs can cause adverse effects, including dry mouth, sedation, and constipation. They also increase the risk of heart problems. These drugs can interact negatively with other medications like anticholinergics and should never be taken by pregnant women. They can also cause teratogenic effects on animals and they can cross the placenta. If you have any concerns, talk to your doctor because there are newer antidepressants with a safer side-effect profile. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibition (SSRIs). adhd medication adults are antidepressants. They consist of a class of drugs that block serotonin reuptake by neurons and aid in increasing the amount of serotonin that is available for signaling. They also decrease anxiety and the tendency to be impulsive. They are commonly used to treat adhd since they can help people with their symptoms and work well when used in conjunction with other medications. SSRIs include fluoxetine, sertraline paroxetine and citalopram. They have linear pharmacokinetics and have a low clearance from the body, yet they are extensively metabolized the liver by CYP450 isoenzymes. This results in varying blood concentrations. These drugs can also be prescribed to treat other disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder, and the bulimia-nervosa. The SSRIs fluoxetine escitalopram and sertraline could help in reducing PTSD symptoms. They aren't effective in treating other PTSD symptoms. SSRIs can cause a rare side effect called sexual dysfunction. It is crucial to discuss this with your doctor if you are considering taking one of these medications. It is common for people to have to test several different kinds of ADHD medication before they can find the one that is most effective for them. The development and research of new medication is ongoing. It is also important to report all the medications you are taking to your physician. Selective norepinephrine Reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). If stimulant medications do not work for adults suffering from ADHD doctors prescribe an inhibitor of selective norepinephrine reuptake (SNRI). These medications boost the levels of two brain chemicals called serotonin and norepinephrine. They also improve mood and reduce anxiety and depression. The SNRIs are similar in their adverse effects as TCAs but are safer. They are used to treat many ailments, such as anxiety disorders as well as chronic pain, such as fibromyalgia and nerve pain. They can also be utilized as an additional treatment for depression. The SNRIs include duloxetine (Cymbalta) and venlafaxine (Effexor). These medications act by inhibiting the absorption (reuptake) of norepinephrine which is a natural process in the brain following neurotransmission. This results in a higher than normal release of norepinephrine in a phasic manner. The rise in levels of norepinephrine helps improve mood and attention. Although SNRIs aren't endorsed by the FDA to treat ADHD However, some doctors are using as an alternative to stimulants. They are usually taken as pills. However they can also be used in liquid form or in patches. In April 2021, the FDA approved an oral SNRI known as viloxazine (Qelbree) to treat ADHD in children and adolescents. It is not a controlled substance since it doesn't have the potential of being misused. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants which affect the levels of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain. They are used to treat anxiety and depression disorders, but they can also help control symptoms of ADHD. SNRI drugs like venlafaxine or duloxetine have been proven in numerous studies to significantly reduce scores on different ADHD tests. However, SNRIs can increase a person's blood pressure and could interact with certain drugs. It is essential to speak with a physician prior to taking these medications. Additionally, improperly discarded medications can cause harm to animals and humans, so it is important to follow proper disposal instructions. SSRIs and SNRIs are not approved by the FDA to treat ADHD, but doctors can prescribe these medications off-label. They are effective, safe and have fewer adverse effects than stimulants. Talk with your doctor about your child's health issues and discuss the pros and cons of these medications. SNRIs may increase the body's level of serotonin and norepinephrine, but are not suitable for all. Women who are pregnant or nursing should not take SNRIs as they may be absorbed through breast milk. Patients with high blood pressure or liver problems should not take these medications, either, since they may increase their risks of cardiovascular complications. Selective dopamine Reuptake inhibitors (DARPIs) Many people suffering from ADHD find that medication helps improve their attention and focus. They might also experience less impulse-driven behaviors. The medication is typically combined with behavior therapy and training, which help people learn to control their symptoms. It takes time to find the appropriate dosage and medication for each individual. During this process, doctors check physical reactions to find the ideal balance between benefits and adverse effects. Stimulant medications, like methylphenidate boost the activity of a certain brain chemicals that regulate memory and concentration. While they are generally safe and effective for the majority of people, they can trigger serious side effects, such as reduced appetite and trouble sleeping. These side effects usually disappear after several weeks as your body adjusts to the medication. Non-stimulant medications are also available for children as well as adults. They take longer to begin working, but they do increase concentration and control of impulses. They could include alpha-2 adrenergic antagonists (atomoxetine viloxazine) and guanfacine hydrochloride. Antidepressants can also be effective in treating ADHD. They can increase the neurotransmitter norepinephrine level in the brain and help with the impulsive behavior and depression. Bupropion is a prime example of an antidepressant that has been employed to treat ADHD. It was initially prescribed “off-label” for ADHD however, drug makers eventually came up with extended-release versions and the FDA approved it as a treatment for this disorder.